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International cybercrime
There is no commonly agreed single definition of “cybercrime”.It refers to illegal internet-mediated activities that often take place in global electronic networks.〔Weiping Chang, Wingyan Chung, Hsinchun Chen, and Shihchieh Chou，An International Perspective on Fighting Cybercrime，ISI'03 Proceedings of the 1st NSF/NIJ conference on Intelligence and security informatics，2003 ()〕 Cybercrime is "international" or "transnational" – there are ‘no cyber-borders between countries'.〔Guillaume Lovet Fortinet, Fighting Cybercrime: Technical, Juridical and Ethical Challenges，VIRUS BULLETIN CONFERENCE，2009 ()〕 International cybercrimes often challenge the effectiveness of domestic and international law and law enforcement. Because existing laws in many countries are not tailored to deal with cybercrime, criminals increasingly conduct crimes on the Internet in order to take advantages of the less severe punishments or difficulties of being traced. No matter in developing or developed countries, governments and industries have gradually realized the colossal threats of cybercrime on economic and political security and public interests. However, complexity in types and forms of cybercrime increases the difficulty to fight back. In this sense, fighting cybercrime calls for international cooperation. Various organizations and governments have already made joint efforts in establishing global standards of legislation and law enforcement both on a regional and on an international scale. U.S.-China's cooperation is one of the most striking progress recently because they are the top two source countries of cybercrime.
Information and communication technology (ICT) plays an important role in helping ensure interoperability and security based on global standards. General countermeasures have been adopted in cracking down cybercrime, such as legal measures in perfecting legislation and technical measures in tracking down crimes over the network, Internet content control, using public or private proxy and computer forensics, encryption and plausible deniability, etc.〔 Due to the heterogeneity of law enforcement and technical countermeasures of different countries, this article will mainly focus on legislative and regulatory initiatives of international cooperation.
==Typology==
In terms of cybercrime, we may often associate it with various forms of Internet attacks, such as hacking, Trojans, malware (keyloggers), botnet, Denial-of-Service (DoS), spoofing, phishing, and vishing. Though cybercrime encompasses a broad range of illegal activities, it can be generally divided into five categories:
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